Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis Health And Social Care Essay

The central point in this study was to mensurate the personal satisfaction ( QOL ) among the patients with indicative articulatio variety degenerative joint pain ( OA ) who go toing specialists essential health consideration facility. Other than that, this study other than would wish to occur out the relationship between socio-segment and clinical situation of patients with knee OA and their personal satisfaction. The overview points ought to be explicit, mensurable, precise, reliable and opportunity. In this review, the points were referenced that the QOL is being estimated explicitly on patients with a particular sort of joint inflammation. The QOL was estimated by using 36SF which had been approved in old study ( Kosinski, 1999 ) . The study had the option to carry on from1st September 2003 stone mud 30th April 2004. Along these lines, this overview points were appropriately defined.3. Hypothesis usedThere is no hypothesis been referenced in the review. In this overview, the essayists may use the personal satisfaction hypothesis. The hypothesis depends on advancement towards felicity. At the end of the day is, it is the ‘true being ‘ on the build of human requests. The hypothesis clarifies that if universes take more obligation for their ain life, they execute the great characteristics into utilization ; they will go free, glad, incredible and sound. This is other than known as Maslow ‘s build of self-completion. It plays an of import map in present day clinical claim to fame especially in understanding the self-awareness holding incessant diseases..4. HypothesisIn this study, there was no referencing of any speculation. In any case, the void speculation that can be proposed is that ‘Patient with articulatio family OA go toing specialists essential wellbeing consideration center has great personal satisfaction in both physical and mental constituent ‘ , wheares the substitute theory could be composed as ‘Patient with articulatio class OA go toing specialists essential health consideration facility has hapless personal satisfaction in both physical and mental constituent ‘ .5. Examination designThis correlational plan cross-sectional study which was completed from the first September 2003 rock earth 30th April 2004. This study qualifies as correlational on the grounds that the informations gathered give themselves only to readi ngs about the evaluation of QOL to which the factors are identified with one another. It would simply state us that there is a connection between the OA conditions with HRQOT.6. Examining methodThe testing technique utilized was asserted as cosmopolitan inspecting, in which all patients with side effects of articulatio class OA who went to two distinct specialists wellbeing facilities in Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia were taken as test. In position of the little graduated table review which just included two specialists centers, the whole patient with OA is other than pretty much nothing. To make an arbitrary difficult would non be contributing in this instance.7. SampleThrough out the eight months of informations accumulation, simply 213 patients with OA were been enlisted. The consideration principles that was spread out †in which every one of the 50 mature ages old or more patients that were sing the outpatient specialists health center, would be the members. Nonetheless, the rejections gauges was other than laid that the individuals who were uneducated, who couldn't answer the poll, who required clinic permission, and the individuals who required or those with permanence or abnormalcy of the lower appendage. With the incorporation and prohibition gauges, the review figured out how to hold 151 members completing the survey. In this review, there was no adverting on how the insignificant example size calculation was finished. In any case, for the 1s that couldn't measure that correlativity, the examination laborers might have the option to use a basic looking at of the two extents as a preliminary for the balance of checking the example size. Utilizing PASS 2000 bundle, the calculation of test size is-if the extents of the 2 gatherings in this overview were required to be 0.20 and 0.35 ( ? = .05 ; and A ; szlig ; = .20 [ 80 % power ] ) , the insignificant example size of 275 members is required ( Delucchi, 2004 ) .8. Method of informations aggregation Techniques in information assortment permit reliably conglomeration of data about objects of overview and the scenes which they happen. In this review, informations on the clinical highlights and socio-segment of the members were recorded however did non referenced where they were recorded. The SF-36 signifier Malay semantic correspondence form was either self-directed by the members or being driven vis-à-vis by a questioner. Any respondents by family unit individuals or companions to the SF-36 signifier were non engaged. It members incapable to comprehend the survey, the examination laborer would only re-read the requests. The members would answer the request blending to their dread. Overseeing composed poll is a more affordable informations conglomeration strategy and it can chop down partialities because of give voicing request in any case by various respondents. It offers anonymity to the respondents and allows increasingly good reaction. In any case, requests might be misconst rued by the respondents and each piece referenced in the review only the literates were picked as participants.9. Measure/instrumentsIn this review, SF-36 was utilized to mensurate the HRQOL. It is a 36-thing instrument intended to gauge fundamental health builds. It is pertinent to be utilized across ailment, age and intercession gatherings. It has been approved and a reliable conventional instrument that has been utilized extensively to mensurate HRQOL. The Malay form of SF-36 had been interpreted and approved. It was utilized in the Malayan National Quality of Life Survey 2000. It estimated eight circles which comprised of physical activity ( PF ) , job physical ( RP ) , substantial harming ( BP ) , general health ( GH ) , imperativeness/vitality ( VT ) , cultural activity ( SF ) , work enthusiastic ( RE ) and mental wellbeing ( MH ) . The tonss on every circle extended from 0 ( lower limit ) to 100 ( furthest breaking point ) . The higher the tonss, demonstrates the health const ituents to be better. Since this instruments has been approved and been utilized in arranged surveies, it is fitting to use it in this survey.10. FindingssThe study demonstrated that taken all in all mean tonss were supra 50.00 in all features of QOL. There was nearly lower mark in the circles identified with the physical health position when contrasted with the psychological wellbeing position. The exploration laborers other than run different examination with the accessible informations and found that: a. a significant negative correlativity among PF and age b. the guys would be wise to stamp in greater part of the QOL features, unconventionally in the PF c. patients with no proper guidance scored better in mental wellbeing constituent especially in VT and RE. d. patients with co-morbidities appeared to hit not exactly those without co-dismalness in the vast majority of the QOL spaces especially in SF. e. The duration of articulatio variety harming is contrarily connected with all the QOL features aside from RE, and it other than demonstrated to be essentially negative associated with the RP circle. f. patients with higher BMI scored lower QOL in SF. g. PF tonss was essentially relationship with age and sex. h. VT and RE tonss were significant relationship with guidance degrees. Essentially, the examination laborers would wish to answer to the points that to mensurate the QOL among the patients with demonstrative articulatio genuss OA who go toing specialists essential wellbeing consideration facility and it indicated that the normal characteristic of the considerable number of aspects of QOL that being contemplated was above 50.00. Exploration laborers other than had discover some dealingss between the ‘patients with articulatio sort OA ‘ , their socio-segment and clinical position and their personal satisfaction. In any case, the affiliations were non depicted in a table signifier with the goal that the peruser would hold a superior perceptual encounter on the vicarship investigation findings.11. DecisionThe choice in this overview addressed the point of the review in a roundabout way. It should territory that the normal characteristic of all the circle in QOL was above 50.00 and may advert that the patients had relatively hapless personal sati sfaction in the physical wellbeing constituents yet less on the psychological health. The exploration laborers referenced two of import forecasters of hapless PF in tolerant with articulatio variety OA which is female sexual orientation and more established age, yet did non demo how the forecasters were built up. The examination laborers other than guaranteed that higher BMI patients endured additionally harming †which just show relationship.12. InterpretationThe perusing of informations was non obviously appeared in this study. The measurable investigation strategy referenced was proper blending to the factors and the points. Be that as it may, it is difficult to understand the data when the general bivariate investigation discoveries were non appeared in the writing. The exploration laborers only referenced the significant findings.13. RestrictionThis review was done to the patient with articulatio family OA who went to the specialists health center. Consequently, it can non be derived to everyone. This is other than recommended by the examination laborers that a major graduated table network based review ought to be led to see more QOL factors affecting OA patients. The poll was in Malay semantic correspondence just. This is inclination towards other patient in various ethnicity. There ought to be approved different etymological correspondences polls to be utilized in this study. By using poll as instrument of the review, it had constrained the members to the literates. It is suitable to utilized blend procedure to earn progressively various informations.14. Moral considerationIn this study, there is no referencing of assent taken from the patients either verbal or composed assent. The examination specialist

Incremental profit Essay Example for Free

Steady benefit Essay Recognize the accompanying: an) Industry request and Firm (Company) request, b) Short-run request and Long run request, and c) Durable goods’ request and Non-strong products request. 2 . What are the issues looked in deciding the interest for a solid decent? Outline with case of interest for family units cooler or TV. 3 . Break down the technique by which a firm can assign the given publicizing financial plan between various media of promotion. 4 . What sort of relationship would you propose between short-run and since quite a while ago run normal cost bends when these are not U-molded as recommended by the advanced speculations? 5 . How request guaging strategies for new items shift from those for built up items? 6 . What are the various techniques for estimating national salary? Which strategies have been followed in India? 7 . What do you comprehend by the speculation multiplier? How can it guard the arrangement of open takes a shot at the piece of the state during business wretchedness? 8 . Examine the different periods of business cycle: a. Are patterned variances essential for monetary development? b. Recommend suitable financial and fiscal arrangements for sorrow Task B: all Contextual analysis Electron Control, Inc., offers voltage controllers to different makers, who at that point modify and circulate the items to quality affirmation labs for their touchy test gear. The yearly volume of yield is 15,000 units. The selling cost and cost per unit are demonstrated below: Selling cost $200 Expenses: Direct material $35 Direct work 50 Variable overhead 25 Variable selling costs 25 Fixed selling costs 15 150 Unit benefit before charge $ 50 The board is assessing the option of playing out the essential tweaking to permit Electron Control to sell its yield straightforwardly to Q/A labs for $275 per unit. Albeit no additional speculation is required in profitable offices, extra preparing costs are assessed as: Direct work $25 per unit Variable overhead $15 per unit Variable selling costs $10 per unit Fixed selling costs $100,000 every year Figure the steady benefit Electron Control would procure by redoing its instruments and promoting legitimately to end clients.

A Central Processing Unit

A Central Processing Unit A focal handling unit, otherwise called focal processor unit, is the equipment inside a PC framework that procedure guidelines of a PC program by playing out the straightforward arithmetical, coherent, and input/yield (I/O) activities of the framework. The term has been used in the PC business about since the mid 1960s. The idea, plan, and execution of CPUs have adjusted over the time of its history, however the establishment of its activity is still un-change. On huge machines, CPUs need at any rate one printed circuit sheets. For the PCs and little workstations, the CPU is introduced into one silicon chip called a microchip. During the 1970s the microchip sort of CPUs had about completely actualize all other CPU usage. Present day CPUs are in enormous scope coordinated circuits in bundles typically littler than four centimeters square, with many associating pins. Two normal things of a CPU are the number juggling rationale unit (ALU), which process number-crunching and legitimate t asks, and the control unit (CU), which extricates guidelines from memory and deciphers at that point executes them, approaching the ALU when required. Few out of every odd computational frameworks rely upon a focal handling unit. An exhibit processor or vector processor has many equal registering components, with no unit to be known the middle. For the dispersed registering model, issues are adjusted by a circulated interconnected arrangement of processors. (Himes, A. 2012) Answer for question 1 PCs, for example, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) should be truly reworked to convey various tasks, that outcomes these machines to be known as fixed-program PCs. Since the word CPU is essentially known as a gadget for programming (PC program) execution, the absolute first gadgets that could appropriately be known as CPUs accompanied the appearance of the put away program PC. The idea of a put away program PC was at that point existed in the structure of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchlys ENIAC, however was excluded from the start with the goal that it could be finished quicker. On June 30, 1945, preceding ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann dispersed the paper called First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). It was the arrangement of a put away program PC that ought to be done in August 1949. EDVAC was made to complete some measure of directions (or activities) of different sorts. The directions can be joined to make helpful projects for the EDVAC to work. The projects made for EDVAC were spared in rapid PC memory rather than indicated by the physical wiring of the PC. This settle the issue of a genuine confinement of ENIAC, which was the cquite a measure of time and exertion expected to reconfigure the PC to complete another undertaking. Utilizing the von Neumanns usage, the program, or p rogramming, that EDVAC perform could be altered effectively by changing the substance of the memory. (Himes, A. 2012) Everything about PC plans of the start of year 1950s was a remarkable structure. There were no upward-perfect gadgets or PC structures with various, fluctuating usage. Projects intended for a machine probably won't work on another sort, considerably different sorts from the comparable organization. This was not an extraordinary disadvantage around then due to there was not an enormous collection of programming made to take a shot at PCs, so beginning programming from the earliest starting point was not a major issue. The plan adaptability of the time was significant, for fashioners were prohibitive by the expense of gadgets, yet just began to find about how a PC could best be sorted out. Certain basic highlights executed during this time like the record registers (on the Ferranti Mark 1), an arrival address putting away guidance (UNIVAC I), quick operands (IBM 704), and the identification of invalid tasks (IBM 650). (http://www.inetdaemon.com/instructional exercises/PCs/equipment/cpu /2012) By the late of the year 1950s business developers had made manufacturing plant built, truck-deliverable PCs. The most notable introduced PC was the IBM 650, which utilized drum memory into the projects that were stacked utilizing either paper tape or punched cards. Certain exceptionally very good quality machines likewise use center memory which brings about higher velocities. Hard circles were additionally begin to turn out to be all the more generally use. (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CPU.html 1970) A PC is a programmed math device. The sort of number framework will result the manner in which it works. In the mid 1950s greater part PCs were made for explicit numerical handling tasks, and numerous machines used decimal numbers as their fundamental number framework. That is the numerical elements of the machines toiled in base-10 rather than base-2 as is general today. These were not exclusively twofold coded decimal. Most machines generally had ten vacuum tubes for each digit in each register. (Himes, A. 2012) Toward the finish of year 1970, primary coding languages couldn't normalize their numeric conduct because of decimal PCs had gatherings of clients too huge to distance. In any event, when originators use the parallel framework, they despite everything had numerous weird thoughts. Some pre-owned sign-size math (- 1 = 10001), or ones supplement (- 1 = 11110), rather than present day twos supplement number-crunching (- 1 = 11111). Larger part PCs utilized 6-piece character sets, because of they respectably encoded Hollerith cards. It was a genuine disclosure to creators of this period to know that the information word ought to be a numerous of the character size. They began to make PCs with 12, 24 and 36 piece information words. (RMI Media Productions. 1979) Instead of contemporary CPUs which was from the year 1990 until today, the plan and development of the CPU has new execution and levels which makes current CPU all the more speedier, little and effective in contrast with the early structures of CPU. One of the usage is multi-stringing. Present plans perform best when the PC is working just an application, anyway pretty much every current working framework grant the client to play out a few applications at the specific time. For the CPU to change over and do task on another program needs exorbitant setting exchanging. In correlation, multi-strung CPUs can oversee guidelines from a few applications on the double. To do this, this sort of CPUs include various arrangements of registers. At the point when a setting switch happens, the substance of the working registers are simply copied into one of a lot of registers for this expectation. This sort of structures normally include a great many registers instead of hundreds as in an average plan. On the burden, registers are probably going to be to some degree exorbitant in chip space required to actualize them. This chip space could somehow or another be used for some other capacity. Second execution is multi-center. Multi-center CPUs are normally various CPU centers on the comparative bite the dust, connected to one another through a mutual L2 or L3 store, an on-pass on transport, or an on-kick the bucket crossbar switch. Everything about CPU centers on the kick the bucket share interconnect segments with which to interface to different processors and the remainder of the framework. These parts may comprise of a front side transport interface, a memory controller to interface with DRAM, a reserve cognizant associated with different processors, and a non-reasonable associated with the southbridge and I/O gadgets. The words multi-center and MPU (which is Micro-Processor Unit) have come into regular use for an individual bite the dust that comprises of different CPU centers. Thirdly is long guidance word(VLIW) and Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC). VLIW identifies with a processor engineering made to use the upside of guidance level parallelism (ILP). While regular processors normally just license programs that indicate guidelines to be completed in a steady progression, a VLIW processor grant programs that can unmistakably determine directions to be performed at the specific time (for example in equal). This sort of processor design is intended to empower better without the inalienable advancement of some different ways. Intels Itanium chip depends on what they call an EPIC plan. This plan as far as anyone know s offers the VLIW advantage of improved guidance throughput. In any case, it forestalls a portion of the issues of scaling and multifaceted nature, by plainly giving in each heap of guidelines data concerning their conditions. This data is determined by the compiler, as it would be in a VLIW structure. The underlying adaptations are additionally in reverse perfect with existing x86 programming by methods for an on-chip imitating mode. Whole number execution was bad and paying little heed to improvements, deals in volume markets keep on being low. One of the soonest CPU was the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) in the year 1951 and the speed of this CPU was 0.0008 IPS (Instructions every second). As in year 2011, one of the quickest PC CPUs was the Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition 3960X which has an amazing velocity of 53.3 IPS. Contrasted with the early CPU like the UNIVAC I, the most recent CPU is in any event sixty-six times quicker. (Mostafa, E. what's more, Hesham. 2005) End for question 1 Focal preparing unit (CPU) is a significant segment in a PC since it process guidelines of a PC program by playing out the basic arithmetical, consistent, and input/yield (I/O) tasks of the framework. That is the reason CPU otherwise called the mind of the PC. The CPU has wealthy in history since the year 1945 preceding the CPU expression had been use and the structure and usage of the CPU had improved immensely throughout the years, in this manner, getting all the more remarkable and productive. CPU had been utilized in different kind of PCs, from PC to super PC. Presentation for question 2 Discussing PC design, a transport is a subsystem that moves information among components inside a PC, or between PCs. Introductory PC transports were equal

Film Critique-Bioethical Imperatives Scholarship Essay

Film Critique-Bioethical Imperatives - Scholarship Essay Example With this worry, the exposition looks at the bioethical issues featured in the plots of these two motion pictures by analyzing them, at the background of the present significant speculations. Correspondingly, four moral structures, including ‘justice’, ‘rights’, ‘duty’ and ‘virtue-based ethics’ will be tended to in this exposition while contrasting the over two movies. The motion pictures â€Å"And the Band Played On† just as â€Å"The Rain Maker†, both tended to certain bioethical issues that rose in the mid twentieth century dependent on the then led clinical research. In any case, the previous was a show dependent on the enduring of the individuals and their absence of cognizance, giving a sign of the holes continuing in the traditionalist society, while the later agreed to the components of all puzzle, anticipation and dramatization. â€Å"The Rain Maker† film explained on a monetary emergency looked by a kid experiencing leukemia, who could have been spared if just the insurance agency was on pleasing standing to pay for the bone-marrow transplant (Cohen, n.d.). Therefore, the plot for â€Å"And the Band Played On† was significantly centered around the moral issues encompassing the quickly expanding pace of HIV contamination in mid 1980s, showing the impact of political factors on such issues (Noonan, 2008). The bio ethics reflected in the last spins around the components of clinical morals and its escape clauses under the impression of solid socio-political decisions (Sass, 2007). Contingent upon the bioethical objectives, four moral structures have been considered to look into the plots in the two chose motion pictures. The equity based methodology suggests that individuals ought to be treated by their particular difficult work. Be that as it may, the current world mirrors a tremendous irregularity emerging from lopsided social force or budgetary force appointments (Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, 2014). For example, â€Å"The Rain Maker† concentrated on the disparity

National One Cent Day The Long History (and Murky Future) of the U.S. Penny

National One Cent Day The Long History (and Murky Future) of the U.S. Penny National One Cent Day: The Long History (and Murky Future) of the U.S. Penny National One Cent Day: The Long History (and Murky Future) of the U.S. PennyPennies pre-date the U.S., dating as far back as Anglo-Saxon Britain, but its looking increasingly unlikely that theyll be around for much longer.Did you know that today is National One Cent Day? It’s true! And yes, we know today is also April Fools Day, but we swear were not making this up! Why would we?! As an April Fools joke, making up a fake national holiday for the U.S. penny would be unspeakably lame!In fact, rather than come up with some sort of prank post, we decided to play things straight and use this opportunity to share a little bit of the history behind the U.S. penny. Are you wondering why this holiday is called “One Cent Day instead of “Penny Day? That seems a little weird, right? Well, read on to find out why! Pennies pre-date the U.S.Coins have been around for a long time. Like, a long time: Almost 3,000 years. And while pennies don’t go back quite that long, they have been around fo r a lot longer than the U.S. In fact, the English word “penny”â€"as well as other derivations like “pfennig” in German or “penning” in Swedishâ€"used to simply denote any kind of coin, not a specific type.But in 790 A.D., the Anglo-Saxon King Offa introduced the first official English penny. While we associate modern pennies’ distinctive reddish look with the copper used to mint them, Offa’s pennies were made entirely of silver.As the English currency system evolved throughout the centuries, pennies remained near the bottom, above only half-cent pieces, also known as “ha’ pennies”. In the English system, 12 pennies made up a shilling, with 20 shillings in a pound. It wasn’t until 1971 that the English switched over to a “decimal” system, with 100 pennies in a poundâ€"ditching shillings altogether.The English penny proved to be a very popular coin. That’s why it’s still around today! Even once the United States had won their war of independence from Gr eat Britain in 1781, they couldn’t bear to part with their beloved pennies.One cent, indivisible.Well, sort of. Here’s the thing: American pennies aren’t actually called pennies. Or rather, they’re not “officially” called. Officially, they are one-cent coins. But try arguing that the next time you’re having a night out with your friends. U.S. one-cent coins are definitely pennies.The first American penny was minted in 1787, six years after the end of the American Revolution. These pennies were known as Fugio Coppers, and they were 100 percent copperâ€"some of which was contributed by Paul Revere. himself. Even though Fugio Coppers were issued by the U.S. government, they were struck by a private mint.Fugio Coppers are often credited to Ben Franklinâ€"which seems pretty par for the course during that period of American historyand they were sometimes referred to as the “Franklin Cent.” Franklin is also credited with the famous phrase, “a penny saved is a penny earn ed.”In 1793, the U.S. Mint struck its first one-cent coins, issuing 11,000 of them on March 1st of that year. Like their Franklinite predecessors, these coins were also 100 percent copper. They were also hugeâ€"approximately the size of a modern half-dollar.As time has progressed, the ratio of copper to other metals present in pennies has declined. Since 1982, U.S. pennies are only 2.5 copper. (Weirdly enough, dimes, nickels, and quarters are almost entirely copper.) In 1815, no pennies were minted at all due to a copper shortage produced by the War of 1812.Other pennies were minted by the U.S. over the ensuing decades, including the “Indian” cent, minted in 1959, which was primarily used to pay Union Soldiers during the Civil War. Oh, and speaking of the Civil War Enter the Lincoln penny.In 1909, President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to do something special to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birthday. So he introduced the Lincoln penny featuring the pre sident’s likeness.The Lincoln cent was actually the first U.S. coin to feature the likeness of a real person. All previous coins had featured portrayals of the mythical figure “Liberty” or other such idealized portraits. Lincoln’s visage was captured by sculptor Victor David Brenner.While there was a strong public sentiment against using portraits of real people on American coinage, the Lincoln penny was a massive success. (People really love Abraham Lincoln.) The coin was so popular, in fact, that it has simply become the U.S. one-cent piece.Lincoln Pennies were originally 95 percent copper. During World War II, these pennies had to be made using materials other than copper, as those metals were needed for the war effort.The resulting war-time pennies were made of steel, coated in a thin layer of zinc. They bore a striking resemblance to dimes and had a tendency to rust and deteriorate over time. As a result, they were not popular.Are pennies going extinct?In 1980, U.S. mil itary bases stopped using pennies altogether. The cost of keeping the coins in circulation overseas was simply too great. All on-base transactions were simply rounded up or down to the nearest five-cent increment.This brings us to a factoid that you’ve probably heard before but that bears repeating: The U.S. one-cent piece costs more to produce than it’s actually worth. That’s right! A one-cent penny costs 1.8 cents to make.And what’s more, the low-value for these coins means that people don’t really use them. So the U.S. Mint has to keep producing more and more of them to keep the penny in circulation. By some estimates, the country’s penny-related losses will top one billion dollars over the next decade.So should we just call the penny kaput? Many folks think so. In 2017, Arizona Senator John McCain even introduced the COINS Act, which would have eliminated one-cent coins altogether. Pennies may pre-date American, but its looking increasingly unlikely that theyll outla st it.If you enjoyed this post, check out these other articles from OppLoans:The Secret Financial History of VotingHow Have Movie Stars’ Salaries Changed Over Time?Love and Money: A Brief History of DowriesIs There a Secret Money Lesson Hidden In “The Wizard of Oz?”Do you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

National One Cent Day The Long History (and Murky Future) of the U.S. Penny

National One Cent Day The Long History (and Murky Future) of the U.S. Penny National One Cent Day: The Long History (and Murky Future) of the U.S. Penny National One Cent Day: The Long History (and Murky Future) of the U.S. PennyPennies pre-date the U.S., dating as far back as Anglo-Saxon Britain, but its looking increasingly unlikely that theyll be around for much longer.Did you know that today is National One Cent Day? It’s true! And yes, we know today is also April Fools Day, but we swear were not making this up! Why would we?! As an April Fools joke, making up a fake national holiday for the U.S. penny would be unspeakably lame!In fact, rather than come up with some sort of prank post, we decided to play things straight and use this opportunity to share a little bit of the history behind the U.S. penny. Are you wondering why this holiday is called “One Cent Day instead of “Penny Day? That seems a little weird, right? Well, read on to find out why! Pennies pre-date the U.S.Coins have been around for a long time. Like, a long time: Almost 3,000 years. And while pennies don’t go back quite that long, they have been around fo r a lot longer than the U.S. In fact, the English word “penny”â€"as well as other derivations like “pfennig” in German or “penning” in Swedishâ€"used to simply denote any kind of coin, not a specific type.But in 790 A.D., the Anglo-Saxon King Offa introduced the first official English penny. While we associate modern pennies’ distinctive reddish look with the copper used to mint them, Offa’s pennies were made entirely of silver.As the English currency system evolved throughout the centuries, pennies remained near the bottom, above only half-cent pieces, also known as “ha’ pennies”. In the English system, 12 pennies made up a shilling, with 20 shillings in a pound. It wasn’t until 1971 that the English switched over to a “decimal” system, with 100 pennies in a poundâ€"ditching shillings altogether.The English penny proved to be a very popular coin. That’s why it’s still around today! Even once the United States had won their war of independence from Gr eat Britain in 1781, they couldn’t bear to part with their beloved pennies.One cent, indivisible.Well, sort of. Here’s the thing: American pennies aren’t actually called pennies. Or rather, they’re not “officially” called. Officially, they are one-cent coins. But try arguing that the next time you’re having a night out with your friends. U.S. one-cent coins are definitely pennies.The first American penny was minted in 1787, six years after the end of the American Revolution. These pennies were known as Fugio Coppers, and they were 100 percent copperâ€"some of which was contributed by Paul Revere. himself. Even though Fugio Coppers were issued by the U.S. government, they were struck by a private mint.Fugio Coppers are often credited to Ben Franklinâ€"which seems pretty par for the course during that period of American historyand they were sometimes referred to as the “Franklin Cent.” Franklin is also credited with the famous phrase, “a penny saved is a penny earn ed.”In 1793, the U.S. Mint struck its first one-cent coins, issuing 11,000 of them on March 1st of that year. Like their Franklinite predecessors, these coins were also 100 percent copper. They were also hugeâ€"approximately the size of a modern half-dollar.As time has progressed, the ratio of copper to other metals present in pennies has declined. Since 1982, U.S. pennies are only 2.5 copper. (Weirdly enough, dimes, nickels, and quarters are almost entirely copper.) In 1815, no pennies were minted at all due to a copper shortage produced by the War of 1812.Other pennies were minted by the U.S. over the ensuing decades, including the “Indian” cent, minted in 1959, which was primarily used to pay Union Soldiers during the Civil War. Oh, and speaking of the Civil War Enter the Lincoln penny.In 1909, President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to do something special to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birthday. So he introduced the Lincoln penny featuring the pre sident’s likeness.The Lincoln cent was actually the first U.S. coin to feature the likeness of a real person. All previous coins had featured portrayals of the mythical figure “Liberty” or other such idealized portraits. Lincoln’s visage was captured by sculptor Victor David Brenner.While there was a strong public sentiment against using portraits of real people on American coinage, the Lincoln penny was a massive success. (People really love Abraham Lincoln.) The coin was so popular, in fact, that it has simply become the U.S. one-cent piece.Lincoln Pennies were originally 95 percent copper. During World War II, these pennies had to be made using materials other than copper, as those metals were needed for the war effort.The resulting war-time pennies were made of steel, coated in a thin layer of zinc. They bore a striking resemblance to dimes and had a tendency to rust and deteriorate over time. As a result, they were not popular.Are pennies going extinct?In 1980, U.S. mil itary bases stopped using pennies altogether. The cost of keeping the coins in circulation overseas was simply too great. All on-base transactions were simply rounded up or down to the nearest five-cent increment.This brings us to a factoid that you’ve probably heard before but that bears repeating: The U.S. one-cent piece costs more to produce than it’s actually worth. That’s right! A one-cent penny costs 1.8 cents to make.And what’s more, the low-value for these coins means that people don’t really use them. So the U.S. Mint has to keep producing more and more of them to keep the penny in circulation. By some estimates, the country’s penny-related losses will top one billion dollars over the next decade.So should we just call the penny kaput? Many folks think so. In 2017, Arizona Senator John McCain even introduced the COINS Act, which would have eliminated one-cent coins altogether. Pennies may pre-date American, but its looking increasingly unlikely that theyll outla st it.If you enjoyed this post, check out these other articles from OppLoans:The Secret Financial History of VotingHow Have Movie Stars’ Salaries Changed Over Time?Love and Money: A Brief History of DowriesIs There a Secret Money Lesson Hidden In “The Wizard of Oz?”Do you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Employers Rank Global B-Schools

Global B-Schools QS World MBA Tour recently compiled a report on the world’s top 200 business schools according to employers. The findings are based on a survey of over 3,300 international recruiters for full-time MBA graduates. Employers that focus on domestic hiring only were not included. Employers were asked to identify those schools (out of a list of 500 global business schools) that they found attractive in regards to MBA hiring. Employers chosen were spread across 20 major industries, with consulting and professional services representing the largest sector. This is followed by banking and financial services and then HR/recruitment services. Other industries include manufacturing FMCG, IT, and energy. (You can view the chart on page 18 of the report for more details. Please note that it is not clear what the minimum number of hires a recruiter had to have to be included in the report) In terms of geographical distribution of the employers, the breakdown goes as follows: Latin America 33% Asia Pacific 29% Western Europe 20% Africa Middle East 6% Eastern Europe 6% US Canada 6% The report categorizes the ranking in various ways, so we’ll present here a sampling. See the full report for the full rankings. Elite Global 2012: North America (2011 rankings are in parentheses) Harvard Business School (1) Northwestern Kellogg (3) Stanford Graduate School of Business (2) Wharton (4) Columbia Business School (5) Chicago Booth (6) MIT Sloan (7) UC Berkeley Haas (8) UCLA Anderson (9) Duke Fuqua (10) Elite Global 2012: Europe (2011 rankings are in parentheses) INSEAD – France (1) London Business School – UK (2) IMD – Switzerland (8) IE Business School – Spain (5) IESE Business School – Spain (4) Oxford Saà ¯d – UK (3) SDA Bocconi School of Management – Italy (6) HEC MBA Program – France (9) ESADE Business School – Spain (7) The St. Gallen MBA – Switzerland (18) Specializations: Finance Wharton (1) Chicago Booth (2) London Business School (3) Harvard Business School (5) NYU Stern (4) Columbia (6) INSEAD – France (7) IE Business School (8) Stanford GSB (9) Northwestern Kellogg (10) Specializations: Entrepreneurship Harvard (1) Stanford (2) Wharton (3) IE Business School (5) INSEAD – France (4) MIT Sloan (7) Babson College (6) London Business School (8) Northwester Kellogg (9) Columbia (11) Specializations: Corporate Social Responsibility Harvard Business School (1) Stanford GSB (2) INSEAD – France (3) Wharton (4) IE Business School (11) Columbia (8) Dartmouth Tuck (5) London Business School (15) Northwestern Kellogg (7) Michigan Ross (9) Other specializations include Innovation, Information Management, International Management, Leadership, Marketing, Operations Management, and Strategy. //   Accepted.com ~ Helping You Write Your Best